Objective: Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is a major cause of cardiovascular morbidity and mortality all over the world. The combined effect of volume and pressure overload seen in patients with CKD is ...

Panel A shows a cross-section of a normal heart (top) and an endomyocardial biopsy sample from a normal heart (bottom; with hematoxylin and eosin staining) that shows normal histologic characteristics ...

An S4 heart sound is a low-pitched sound that occurs toward the end of the diastole. In some cases, an underlying health condition, often one affecting the left ventricle, may cause the S4 heart sound ...

Background Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a common comorbidity in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM) and may exacerbate arrhythmic risk, promote structural remodelling and worsen heart failure outcomes. Its ...

To convert the values for urea nitrogen to millimoles per liter, multiply by 0.357. To convert the values for creatinine to micromoles per liter, multiply by 88.4. To convert the values for glucose to ...